FOR ONLY $13.90/PAGE Paris to Berlin, 1885-87 Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology. He chose this branch because he wanted to cure his mother’s eyes. He served as assistant to the famous oculists of Europe.
He also continued his travels and observations of European life and customs in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin. In Berlin, capital of the unified Germany, he met and befriended several top scientists, Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr.
Hans Meyer, and Dr. Rudolph Virchow. His merits as a scientist were recognized by the eminent scientist of Europe. IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886) Rizal then was 24 years old and already a physician, decided to go to Paris in order to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.
On his way to Paris, he stopped at Barcelona to visit his friend, Maximo Viola, a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan. He stayed for a week, during which time he befriended Senor Eusebio Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La Publicidad and a statesman. He gave editor Corominas an article on the Carolines Question for publication. On October, 1885, Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four months. He worked as an assistant to Dr.
Louis de Weckert, leading French ophthalmologist. Outside his working days at Dr. Weckert’s clinic, he relaxed visiting the home of Pardo de Taveras and the studio of his friend, Juan Luna.
At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy hours. He discussed with Luna, the great master of the brush, various problems on art and improved his own painting technique. He helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings. In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra”, Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest.
In another of Luna’s great paintings, “the blood compact”, Rizal posed as Sikatuna, with Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legaspi. In the art studio of Juan Luna in Paris “Blood compact” by Juan Luna “The Death of Cleopatra”Dr.
Louis de Weckert AT HEIDELBERG Rizal left Paris on February 1, 1886, after acquiring enough experience in the clinic of Dr. He was set to go to Germany. He visited Strasbourg and other German towns. On February 3, 1886, he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings.
He lived in a boarding house with some German law students. The German students found out that Rizal was a good chess player and made him a member of the Chess Player’s Club.
After a few days, he was transferred to a boarding house which was near University of Heidelberg. He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr.
Otto Becker and attended the lectures of Doctor Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. At weekends he visited the scenic spots around Heidelberg which includes the Heidelberg Castle, the romantic Neckar Rivera, the theater, and the old churches.
Rizal noticed that the German Catholics and the Protestants practiced ecumenism wherein they live together in harmony and cordiality. On April 22, 1886, spring on Heidelberg, he wrote a poem to the beautiful blooming flowers at the Neckar River. Among those was his favorite flower—the forget-me-not. To the Flowers of Heidelberg by Jose Rizal Go to my country, go, O foreign flowers, sown by the traveler along the road, and under that blue heaven that watches over my loved ones, recount the devotion the pilgrim nurses for his native sod!
Go and say say that when dawn opened your chalices for the first time eside the icy Neckar, you saw him silent beside you, thinking of her constant vernal clime. Say that when dawn which steals your aroma was whispering playful love songs to your young sweet petals, he, too, murmured canticles of love in his native tongue; that in the morning when the sun first traces the topmost peak of Koenigssthul in gold and with a mild warmth raises to life again the valley, the glade, the forest, he hails that sun, still in its dawning, that in his country in full zenith blazes.
And tell of that day when he collected you along the way among the ruins of a feudal castle, n the banks of the Neckar, or in a forest nook. Recount the words he said as, with great care, between the pages of a worn-out book he pressed the flexible petals that he took. Carry, carry, O flowers, my love to my loved ones, peace to my country and its fecund loam, faith to its men and virtue to its women, health to the gracious beings that dwell within the sacred paternal home. When you reach that shore, deposit the kiss I gave you on the wings of the wind above that with the wind it may rove and I may kiss all that I worship, honor and love! But O you will arrive there, flowers, and you will keep perhaps your vivid hues; ut far from your native heroic earth to which you owe your life and worth, your fragrances you will lose! For fragrance is a spirit that never can forsake and never forgets the sky that saw its birth. Rizal then spent three-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village close to Heidelberg.
He stayed at the vicarage of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. He was very delighted in his stay at the Ullmers. On July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rizal heard that Blumentritt was interested in the Philippine languages. Along with the letter was a book entitled Aritmetica. Delighted with Rizal, Blumentritt send gift books to Rizal. This marked the beginning of their long and frequent correspondence.
Rizal was fortunate to be sojourning in Heidelberg when the famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6 of 1886. It was three days before his departure and he was sad because he had come to love the land and the beautiful city. LEIPZIG On August 9, 1886, three days after the fifth centenary of the University of the Heidelberg, Rizal left the city.
He boarded a train and visited various cities of Germany until arriving in Leipzig on August 14, 1886. He attended some lectures in the University of Leipzig and befriended Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a famous German historian, and Dr.
Hans Meyer, German anthropologist. Rizal translated William Tell from German to Filipino so that Filipinos might know the story of that champion of Swiss independence.
He also translated into Filipino Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales. Cost of living in Leipzig is the cheapest in Europe so he stayed there for two months and a half. During his stay, he corrected some chapters in his second novel and also had time for exercise. He also worked as a proof-reader in a publishing firm and earning some money.
DRESDEN Rizal left Leipzig to set course on Dresden on October 29, 1886. At Dresden, Rizal met Dr. Adolph Meyer, the director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed only two days in the city. He heard the Holy Mass in a Catholic church which greatly impressed him, for he wrote “Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass whose music had greater sublimity and intonation”.
Morning of November 1, Rizal left Dresden by train reaching Berlin in the evening. BERLIN Rizal liked Berlin because of its atmosphere which was very scientific and the absence of race prejudice. Also, here he met Dr. Feodor Jagor author of Travels in the Philippines, a book that Rizal admired because of its keen observances in the Philippine setting.
Jagor in turn, introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a famous anthropologist and to his son, Dr. Hans Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy. Rizal worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger, a famous German ophthalmologist.
Rizal was the first Asian to be accorded with honors for being a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin. Virchow recognized Rizal’s genius, invited him to give a lecture before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin. Rizal wrote a scholarly paper entitled Taglische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) which elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters.
Rizal led a methodological life in Berlin. He worked as an assistant by day, and attended lectures at night. He kept himself physically fit by daily exercises and speaking German, French and Italian.
Rizal took private lessons in the French language under Madame Lucie Cerdole in order to master the French language. He spends his leisure moments touring the country sides of Berlin and observing the culture and life of the people. He also made sketches of the things he saw. About observing culture, Rizal greatly admired the German Yuletide custom, wherein Germans would take bushes from a pine tree and dress it up with lanterns, papers and candies. Another interesting custom in Germany is that, when a man has nobody to introduce him to the other guests, he bows his head to the guests and introduces himself to the other guests and shakes hands of everyone in the room.
Not all the experiences of Rizal in Germany were good, there is this one winter time wherein he lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. During that time, he only eats one meal a day and had to wash his clothes himself because he could not afford to pay the laundry. On Calamba, Paciano tried to raise money but crops have failed due to locusts and the sugar market collapsed. NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN Noli Me Tangere during Rizal’s stay in Berlin was unable to be published. But with the help of Maximo Viola, who gave him the necessary funds to publish the novel, Noli Me Tangere was published. Viola loaned Rizal money for publishing and for Rizal’s living expenses. With that, Rizal and Viola happily celebrated the Christmas of 1886 in Berlin.
During the printing of the Noli, the chief of police Berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizal’s boarding house. The chief asked for Rizal’s passport, but Rizal couldn’t show any. The chief told him to secure a passport within four days, otherwise he would be deported. Rizal failed in obtaining his passport and presented himself at the German police office, politely apologizing for his failure. The police then told him that Rizal was suspected as a French spy because he came fro Paris and knew the language of the French people so well.
Rizal explained in German to the police that he was not a French spy, but a Filipino physician and scientist. With that, he was allowed to stay freely in Germany. On March 21, 1887, the Noli Me Tangere came off the printing press. Rizal immediately sent copies to his intimate friends, including Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix R.
As a token of his appreciation and gratitude, Rizal gave Viola the galley proofs of Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing. It also has a dedication “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal. ” Noli Me Tangere was solely dedicated to the Philippines.
He described the Philippines as a patient with cancer that even with the most careful touch; it awakens in it the sharpest pains. The friends of Rizal hailed the novel, appreciated its content and deeply touched and awakened by its fine truth. Of all the congratulatory letters received by Rizal about Noli, that from Blumentritt was significant. After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Rizal received his money from Paciano worth 1,000 pesos.
He immediately paid viola the sum of 300 pesos from his kind loan. At dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train. Spring was in the air and Europe is blooming with flowers. Their destination was Dresden, “One of the best cities in Germany”.
JOSE RIZAL. physician(ophthalmic surgeon).
Poet. Dramatist. Essayist. Novelist.
Historian. Architect. Painter. Sculptor. Educator. Linguist.
Musician. Naturalist.
Ethnologist. Surveyor. Engineer. Farmer. Magician. Businessman.
Economist. Geographer. Cartographer. Bibliophile. Philologist. Grammarian. Folklorist.
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Philosopher. Translator. Inventor. Magician. Humorist. Satirist.
Polemicist. Sportsman. Traveller. Prophet. MARTYR and HERO Facts about Jose Rizal Born on June 19, 1861, (moonlit night of Wednesday), Calamba, Laguna Baptized on June 22 by Fr. Rufino Collantes while the godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas named after the Christian Saint “Joseph”, “San Jose” Lt.
Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso, or simply Jose Rizal (1861-1896), is unquestionably the greatest hero & martyr of our nation. The day of his birth & the day of his execution are fittingly commemorated by all classes of our people throughout the length & breadth of this country & even by Filipinos & their friends abroad. His name is a byword in every Filipino home while his picture adorns the postage stamp & paper money of widest circulation. No other Filipino hero can surpass Rizal in the number of towns, barrios, & streets named after him; in the number of educational institutions, societies, & trade names that bear his name; in the number of persons, both Filipinos & foreigners, who were named 'Rizal' or 'Rizalina' because of their parents’ admiration for the Great Malayan; & in the number of laws, Executive Orders & Proclamations of the Chief Executive, & bulletins, memoranda, & circulars of both the bureaus of public & private schools. Who is the Filipino writer & thinker whose teachings & noble thoughts have been frequently invoked & quoted by authors & public speakers on almost all occasions? None but Rizal. And why is this so?
Because as biographer Rafael Palma (1) said, 'The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epoch but for all epochs. They are as valid today as they were yesterday. It cannot be said that because the political ideals of Rizal have been achieved, because of the change in the institutions, the wisdom of his counsels or the value of his doctrines have ceased to be opportune. They have not.' 'And now, gentlemen, you must have a national hero'. These were supposed to be the words addressed by Gov.
Taft to Mssrs. Pardo de Tavera, Legarda & Luzurriaga, Filipino members of the Philippine Commission, of which Taft was the chairman. It was further reported that 'in the subsequent discussion in which the rival merits of the revolutionary heroes (M. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Gen. Antonio Luna, Emilio Jacinto, & Andres Bonifacio—O.) were considered, the final choice—now universally acclaimed a wise one—was Rizal. And so history was made.' This article will attempt to answer two questions: 1) Who made Rizal the foremost national hero & 2) Why is Rizal our greatest national hero?
Before proceeding to answer these queries, it will be better if we first know the meaning of the term hero. According to Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, a hero is 'a prominent or central personage taking admirable part in any remarkable action or event'. Also, 'a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger'.
And finally, he is a man 'honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to mankind'. Why is Rizal a hero, nay, our foremost national hero? He is our greatest hero because as a towering figure in the Propaganda Campaign, he took an 'admirable part' in that movement w/c roughly covered the period from 1882-1896. If we were asked to pick out a single work by a Filipino writer during this period, more than any writer writing, contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino nationality, we shall have no hesitation tin choosing Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere (Berlin, 1887). It is true that Pedro Paterno published his novel, Ninay, in Madrid in 1885; M.
Del Pilar his La Soberania Monacal in Barcelona in 1889, Graciano Lopez Jaena, his Discursos y Articulos Varios, also in Barcelona in 1891; & Antonio Luna, his Impresiones in Madrid in 1893, but none of these books had evoked such favorable & unfavorable comments from friends & foes alike as did Rizal’s Noli. Typical of the encomiums that the hero received for his novel were those received from Antonio Ma. Regidor & Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Regidor, a Filipino exile of 1872 in London, said that 'the book was superior' & that if 'don Quixote has made its author immortal because he exposed to the world the sufferings of Spain, your Noli Me Tangere will bring you equal glory' (3) Blumentritt, after reading Rizal’s Noli, wrote & congratulated its author, saying among other things: 'Your work, as we Germans say, has been written w/ the blood of the heart. Your work has exceeded my hopes & I consider myself happy to have been honored by your friendship. Not only I, but also your country, may feel happy for having in you a patriotic & loyal son.
If you continue so, you will be to your people one of those great men who will exercise a determinative influence over the progress of their spiritual life.' If Rizal’s friends & admirers praised w/ justifiable pride the Noli & its author, his enemies were equally loud & bitter in attacking & condemning the same. Perhaps no other work has, up to this day, aroused as much acrimonious debate not only among our people but also among reactionary foreigners as the Noli of Rizal. In the Philippines the hero’s novel was attacked & condemned by a faculty committee of a Manila university (UST) & by the permanent censorship commission in 1887. The committee said that it found the book 'heretical, impious, & scandalous to the religious order, & unpatriotic & subversive to the public order, libelous to the govt. Of Spain & to its political policies in these islands', while the commission recommended that 'the importation, reproduction, & circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.'
(5) Coming down to our time, during the congressional discussions & hearings on the Rizal (Noili-Fili) in 1956, the proponents & opponents of the bill also engaged themselves in a bitter & long drawn-out debate the finally resulted in the enactment of a compromise measure, now known as RA 1425. The attacks on Rizal’s 1 st novel were not only confined in the Philippines but were also staged in the Spanish capital. Vida, Deputy (& ex-general) Luis de Pando & Premier Praxedes Mateo Sagasta were among those who unjustly lambasted & criticized Rizal & his Noli in the 2 chambers of the Spanish Cortes in 1888 & 1889.
(6) it is comforting to learn however, that about 13 years later, Cong. Henry Allen Cooper of Wisconsin delivered an eulogy of Rizal & even recited the martyr’s Ultimo Pensamiento on the floor of the U. House of Representatives in order to prove the capacity of the Filipinos for self- government. He said in part: 'It has been said that, if American institutions had done nothing else to furnish to the world the character of George Washington, that alone would entitle them to the respect of mankind. So Sir, I say to all those who denounces the Filipinos indiscriminately as barbarians & savages, w/o possibility of a civilized future, that this despised race proved itself entitled to their respect & to the respect of mankind when it furnished to the world the character of Jose Rizal.' (7) The result of this appeal was the approval of what is popularly known as the Philippine Bill of 1902.
'What is most admirable in Rizal,' wrote Rafael Palma, is his complete self-denial, his complete abandonment of his personal interests to think only of those of his country. He could have been whatever he wished to be, considering his natural endowmwnts; he could have earned considerable sums of money from his profession; he could have lived relatively rich, happy, prosperous, had he not dedicated himself to public matters. But in him, the voice of the species was stronger than the voice of personal progress or of private fortune, & he preferred to live far from his family & to sacrifice his personal affections for an ideal he had dreamed of. He heeded not his brother, not even his parents, beings whom he respected & venerated so much, in order to follow the road his conscience had traced for him. He did not have great means at his disposal to carry out his campaign, but that did not discouraged him; he contented himself w/ what he had. He suffered the rigors of the cold winter of Europe, he suffered hunger, privation, & misery; but when he raised his eyes to heaven & saw his ideal, his hope was reborn.
He complained of his countrymen, he complained of some of those who had promosed him help & did not help him, until at times, profoundly disillusioned, he wanted to renounce his campaign forever, giving up everything. But such moments are evanescent, he soon felt comforted & resumed the task of bearing the cross of his suffering.' His consuming life purpose was the secret of his moral courage.
Physical courage, it is true, was one of his inherited traits. But that high courage to die loving his murderers, w/c he at last achieved-that cannot be inherited. It must be forged out in the fires of suffering & temptation. As we read through his life, we can see how the moral sinew & fiber grew year by year as he faced new perils & was forced to make fearful decisions. It required courage to write his 2 great novels telling nothing that no otherman has ventured to say before, standing almost alone against the powerful interests in the country & in Spain, & knowing full well that despotism would strike back. He had reached another loftier plateau of heroism when he wrote those letters to Hong Kong, 'To be opened after my death', & sailed to the 'trap' in Manila w/o any illusions.
Then in his Dapitan exile when he was tempted to escape, & said 'No', not once but hundreds of times for 4 long years, & when, on the way to Cuba, Pedro Roxas pleaded w/ him to step off the boat of Singapore upon British territory & save his life, what an inner struggle it must have caused him to answer over & over again, 'No, no, no!' When the sentence of death & the fateful morning of his execution brought the final test, 30 Dec 1896, he walked w/ perfect calm to the firing line as though by his own choice, the only heroic figure in that sordid scene.' Even before the outbreak of the revolution against Spain in 1896, many instances can be cited to prove that his country here & abroad recognized Rizal’s leadership.
In the early part of 1899 he was unanimously elected by the Filipinos in Barcelona & Madrid as honorary pres. Of la Solidaridad. (17) Some months later in Paris, he organized & became chief of the Indios Bravos.
In Jan 1891, Rizal was again unanimously chosen Responsable (chief) of the Spanish-Filipino Association. (18) He was also the founder & moving spirit in the founding of la Liga Filipina on Manila in 3 Jul 1892. Did the Americans, especially Gov. Taft, really choose Rizal out of several Filipino patriots as the No. 1 hero of his people?
Nothing could be farther from the truth. In the preceding pages, we have shown beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Great Malayan, by his own efforts & sacrifices for his oppressed countrymen, had projected himself as the foremost leader of the Philippines until the moment of his immolation, & this fact was spontaneously acknowledged not only by his own people but also the elite of other lands who intimately knew his patriotic labors. We have likewise shown that immediately after his execution, his own people had justly acclaimed him as their foremost hero & martyr. The intellectual & scientific world, as we have also demonstrated, was not slow in according him signal honors as a hero of humanity & as an apostle of freedom. Taft, as chairman of the 2 nd Philippine Commission, arrived in the Philippines in June 1900. This commission began its legislative functions on 1 st September of the same year. On June 11 of the ensuing year the Philippine commission approved Act no.
137, w/c organized the 'politico-military district of Morong' into the 'Province of Rizal'. This was the 1 st official step taken by the Taft commission to honor our greatest hero & martyr. It should be borne in mind that 6 days before the passage of Act no.
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137, the Taft commission held a meeting at the town of Pasig for the purpose of organizing the province. In that meeting attended by the leading citizens of both Manila & Morong, a plan was presented to combine the 2 districts into one, but this proposal met w/ determined & vigorous objections from the leaders of Morong. ' At this point', reads the ‘Minutes of Proceedings’ of the Taft commission, 'Dr. Tavera, of the Federal Party, who accompanied the commission, asked that he might make a suggestion w/ reference to the proposed union of Manila & Morong provinces. It was his opinion that in case of union neither the name of Morong nor Manila ought to be retained. He then stated the custom w/c prevailed in th US & other countries of naming important localities/districts in memory of some illustrious citizen of the country. In line w/ this he suggested that the united provinces be named ‘Rizal’ in memory & honor of the most illustrious Filipino & the most illustrious Tagalog the islands had ever known.
The president (Taft—O.) stated that the commission, not less than the Filipinos, felt proud to do honor to the name of Rizal, & if, after consideration, it decided to unite the 2 provinces, it would have the pleasure, if such action met the desires of the people, in giving the new province the name of Rizal'. It is eminently proper that Rizal should have become the acknowledged national hero of the Philippine people. The American administration has lent every assistance to this recognition, setting aside the anniversary of his death to be a day of his observance, placing his picture on the postage stamp most commonly used in the Islands, & on the currency, cooperating w/ the Filipinos in making the site of his school in Dapitan a national park, & encouraging the erection by public subscription of a monument in his honor on the Luneta in Manila near the place where he met his death.
One of the longest & most important street in Manila has been named in his memory—Rizal Avenue. The Filipinos in many cities & towns have erected monuments to his name, & throughout the Islands the public schools teach the young Filipinos to revere his memory as the greatest of Filipino patriots. Now and then we come across some Filipinos who venture the opinion that Andres Bonifacio, & not Jose Rizal, deserves to be acknowledged & canonized as our first national hero. They maintain that Rizal never held a gun, a rifle, or a sword in fighting for the liberty & independence of our country in the battlefield. They further assert that while the foremost national heroes of other countries are soldier-generals, like George Washington of US, Napoleon I & Joan of Arc of France, simon Bolivar of Venezuela, Jose de San Martin of Argentina, Bernardo O’Higgins of Chile, Jimmu Tenno of Japan, etc., our greatest hero was a pacifist & a civilian whose weapon was his quill. However, our people in exercising their good sense, independent judgment, & unusual discernment, have not followed the examples of other nations in selecting & acknowledging a military leader for their greatest hero. Rafael Palma has very well stated the case of Rizal versus Bonifacio in these words.
It should be a source of pride & satisfaction to the Filipinos to have among their national heroes one of such excellent qualities & merits w/c may be equaled but not surpassed by any other man. Whereas generally the heroes of occidental nations are warriors & generals who serve their cause w/ the sword, distilling blood & tears, the hero of the Filipinos served his cause w/ the pen, demonstrating that the pen is as mighty as the sword to redeem a people from their political slavery. It is true that in our case the sword of Bonifacio was after all needed to shake off the yoke of a foreign power; but the revolution prepared by Bonifacio was only the effect, the consequence of the spiritual redemption wrought by the pen of Rizal. Hence not only in the chronological order but also in the point of importancethe previous works of Rizal seems to us superior to that of Bonicacio, because although that of Bonifacio was of immediate results, that of Rizal will have more durable & permanent effects. And let us note further what other great men said about the pen being mightier & more powerful than the sword.
Roxette greatest hits album. Napoleon I himself, who was a great conqueror & ruler, said: 'There are only two powers in the world; the sword & the pen; and in the end the former is always conquered by the latter'. (34) The following statement of Sir Thomas Browne is more applicable to the role played by Rizal in our libertarian struggle: 'Scholars are men of peace; they bear no arms; but their tongues are sharper than the sword; their pens carry further & give a louder report than thunder. I had rather stand in the shock of a basilisk than in the fury of a merciless pen'.
(35) And finally, let us quote from Bulwer: 'take away the sword; states can be saved w/o it; bring the pen! In the preceding pages we have tried to show that Rizal was not only a great hero, but the greatest among the Filipinos. As a matter of fact, the Austrian savant Prof. Blumentritt judged him as 'the most prominent man of his own people' and 'the greatest man the Malayan race has produced'.
We have also shown during his lifetime, Rizal was already acclaimed by both Filipinos & foreigners as the foremost leader of his people & that this admiration for him has increased w/ the passing of time since his dramatic death on the Luneta that fateful morning of 30 December 1896. Likewise, we attempted to disprove the claim made by some quarters that Rizal is an American-made hero, & we also tried to explain why Rizal is greater than any other Filipino hero, including Andres Bonifacio.
Dr. Feodor Jagor And Rizal
.Debtor- an entity that owes a debt. The entity filing a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding or against whom an order for relief is entered in an involuntary bankruptcy is known as the debtor. Liquidation- the sale of an estate’s assets to repay creditor.
A Chapter 7 bankruptcy is a liquidation proceeding. Reorganization- a bankruptcy proceeding where a debtor seeks confirmation of a plan that will repay creditors while permitting the debtor to retain assets or continue in business. The proceedings permitted by Chapters 9, 11, 12 and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code are reorganization proceedings. Trustee- a fiduciary appointed by the United States Trustee to administer a bankruptcy estate. Questions: pg.
Dr Feodor Jagor And Jose Rizal
What is a liquidation proceeding? - It is the sale of an estate’s assets to repay creditors.
What is a reorganization proceeding? - It is a bankruptcy proceeding where a debtor seeks confirmation of a plan that will repay creditors while permitting the debtor to retain assets or continue in business. Identify: (a) Those chapters of the Bankruptcy Code applicable to all bankruptcy proceedings. They are Chapters 1, 3 and 5 (b) Those chapters of the Bankruptcy Code applicable to liquidation proceedings. That is Chapter 7 (c) Those chapters of the Bankruptcy Code applicable to. Chapter 6 IN SUNNY SPAIN(1882-1885). Rizal’s Secret Mission To observe keenly the life, culture, languages and customs and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his people.BOOKS 07/20/14 Flood Risk Publication Date: June 2012 Format: Hardbound, Electronic Edition: 1st Authors: Institution of Civil Engineers Type: Book The book offers practical guidance on managing existing flood defences and designing and planning new ones.
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Explain what happens during the process to determine the project budget. Explain how earned value management (EVM) can be used to control costs and measure project performance and speculate as to why it is not used more often. What are some general rules of thumb for deciding if cost variance, schedule variance, cost performance index, and schedule performance index numbers are good or bad? What is project portfolio management? Can project managers use it with earned value management?
Describe several types of software that project managers can use to support project cost management.Business Ethics Fundamental The public view on business ethics has never been high. Many citizens see business ethics as essentially a contradiction in terms, an oxymoron, and think that there is only a fine line between a business executive and a crook.
Public opinion may be reported at 2 levels. At a broad level is the general perception of business ethics by the public and at a narrower level are specific perceptions as to what is going on inside the organization. There is no doubt that the media are reporting ethical problems more frequently and fervently. 60 minutes, 20/20, etc.
Are keeping business ethics in the public eye and make it difficult to assess whether public opinion polls are reflecting the actual business ethics of the day or simply the reactions to the latest scandals covered on a weekly basis. People in business have not suddenly become immoral. What has changed are the contexts in which corporate decisions are made, the demands that are being made on business. And the nature of what is considered proper corporate conduct. Ethics is the discipline that deals with moral duty and obligation, can also be regarded as a set of moral principles or values. Morality is a doctrine or system of moral conduct, refers to principles of right, wrong, and fairness in behavior.
Business ethics is concerned with morality and fairness in behavior, actions, policies, and practices that take place within a business context. Descriptive ethics vs. Normative ethics.
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